December 01, 2014

The Lost Technology of Ancient Egyptians


                                                                    


                                                                     
The Ancient Egyptians are well known for creating some of the wonders of the ancient – and the modern – world. Their construction, medical, scientific and agricultural skills were absolutely phenomenal and today’s scientists still haven’t got to the bottom of how they actually carried out many of their achievements; especially with the tools and processes they were thought to have at their disposal at the time.

There are a number of theories about how the pyramids were built and how some of the amazing symmetrical carving found on some statues was achieved. Indeed, many researchers now believe that the Ancient Egyptians had access to tools and technology that have been lost in the mists of time and were even more advanced than we’ve given them credit for.

In this Billionaires investigation, we’ll take a look at some of the anomalies from electricity to helicopters that recent discoveries suggest may possibly have been present in this ancient civilisation.

Helicopters
It’s widely known that Leonardo Da Vinci drew up the plans for a helicopter-like flying machine in the 1500s, but did you know there are Egyptian hieroglyphics of a machine that looks remarkably like a modern helicopter?

It was found at Abydos in the temple of Seti I, and shows what appears to be a carving of a helicopter and other pieces of modern technology. Did the Ancient Egyptians have the ability to create flying machines of their own? Or had they seen similar craft, perhaps being used by visitors from another planet?

Officially, the helicopter is explained away by Egyptologists who say the wall was carved on more than once so the image that survives is not how it originally looked. Have a look for yourself and see what you think:

The face of Ramses II
US manufacturing engineer Christopher Dunn believes the Ancient Egyptians used precise machining tools, like those that are available today.
He bases his evidence on the face of Ramses II’s statute, which modern digital technology has revealed to be the exact mirror image on each side. In his book, Lost Technologies of Ancient Egypt, he argues that this would be impossible do by hand.

He also believes that the underground tunnels in Egypt were created by precise machining tools. And he knows what he’s talking about – he has worked as a manufacturing engineer, primarily in the aerospace industry, for half a century.

The Dendera Light
Did the Ancient Egyptians have electric lighting? A carved relief at the Dendera temple complex suggests to some experts that perhaps they did.

Shown across three carvings, the ‘light’ looks like modern lighting systems such as those found in Geissler tubes and arc lights. Using the pictures in the carving, a working model of an electric light has been created by researchers.
However, traditionalists maintain the picture just shows mythological symbols – a lotus leaf, flower and snake associated with fertility and the yearly flooding of the River Nile.
(this image is often shown on "Ancient Aliens" which I watch. I suppose you have to decide for yourself.)

                                                                




                                                                    
Levitating stones?
Modern day researchers have been puzzled by the ways in which the pyramids were constructed. They’ve concluded that they took decades to build using armies of slaves or labourers, lifting and moving huge quantities of stone. In fact, it’s estimated that the Great Pyramid took between 4,000 and 5,000 workers 20 years to build, if they were relying on ropes and ramps to lift and shift.

But according to Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masudi, an Arab historian writing in the 10th century – hundreds of years after the pyramids were built – the stones were lifted by first putting a “magic papyrus” underneath them. The stone was then hit with a metal rod, enabling it to levitate along a stone road with metal poles along either side. Was this some form of magnetic aided lifting that we have lost all knowledge of?

The Ancient Egyptians were adept at mining and working metal, as the artefacts they have left behind show us. The culture was also said to be the most advanced in alchemy – the practice of turning base metal into gold. It’s possible that they did indeed know a thing or two about the properties of metal that have since eluded us.

The Saqqara Disc
Discovered by British archaeologist Walter Emery in 1936 in Saqqara, this metal disc looks almost like the centre of a car wheel. There are various theories about what it was for, but the technology that created it was obviously very advanced.

It’s believed this was just one of a number discs that were found during Emery’s excavation. He was the director of the Archaeological Survey of Nubia from 1935 to 1939 and during that period, he made a number of unusual discoveries at Saqqara, including what’s referred to as a zoo of mummified animals.

Have a look at the disc and listen to the discussion about its possible uses on the video above.
By Jess Koehl

With thanks to Billionaires Australia
More on Leonardo Da Vinci:

Leonardo da Vinci: The Leicester Codex.
Great Minds: Leonardo da Vinci
Vincenzo Peruggia: The Man Who Stole The Mona Lisa And Made Her more Famous Than Ever


Related:
The Antikythera Mechanism - The World's Oldest Known Computer
Archaeologists Digging Up Cecile B DeMille's Movie Treasures

Hatshepsut: From Queen to Pharaoh
China's Lost Civilization: The Mystery Of Sanxingdui
Symbolic Tomb of Egyptian God Osiris Found
Ancient Tomb in Amphipolis Revealed
Some Rare and Important Archaeological Finds
Easter Island: Scientists Are Closer To Understanding What Wiped Out Its Society
Largest Trove of Gold Coins Ever Discovered In Israel By Divers 
Relief of Queen Nefertiti
Gold Treasures Discovered in Ming Dynasty Tomb 
Unique Mosaic Images Uncovered in Fifth-Century Synagogue
Philip of Macedonia, Greece’s Ancient King, Found
Queen Nefertiti: Was She Hidden In King Tutankhamun’s Tomb? 
England’s Lost Colonists ‘Went Native’ In America
The Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain
The Antikythera Mechanism: Second Expedition Seeks More Mechanism Remains 
 Discovery Of Ancient Cave Paintings In Petra
Scientists Find ‘Superhenge’ That Could Be Five Times The Area Of Stonehenge
Rome Reborn – An Amazing Digital Model of Ancient Rome
A Day in Pompeii 
King Tut’s Egyptian Tomb May Hide Queen Nefertiti 
Ippolito Rosellini: The Monuments of Egypt And Nubia
The Holigost: 600 Year Old Pride of Henry V’s Fleet May Have Been Found
Gem-Filled Warrior's Tomb Discovered in Ancient Greek City
Amenhotep’s Fragmented Book Of The Dead Found 
Acra: Ancient Citadel Unearthed In Jerusalem 
Glastonbury Legends, King Arthur’s ‘Grave’, Made Up For Cash By Monks 
Is Queen Nefertiti Buried In King Tutankhaman’s Tomb? - Latest News
King Hezekiah's Seal Impression Found
Spanish Galleon San Jose Discovered Laden With Treasure Off Colombia 
Has The Lost Island Of Kane Been Found?
'Britain's Pompeii' Found at Bronze Age Settlement  
Babylonians Tracked Jupiter with Fancy Math, Tablet Reveals 
New Clues to Ancient Roman Art Discovered in Egyptian Mummy Portraits
Hidden Rooms In King Tut’s Tomb May Contain Organic Material 
Ancestral Puebloans Were Hit By Boom and Bust
Bible Breakthrough Found In Israel
Queen Hatshepsut's Building Blocks Discovered
Nefertiti Still Missing: King Tut's Tomb Shows No Hidden Chambers
The World's 20 Most Impressive Ancient Builds
Dagger in King Tut's Tomb Was Made With Iron From A Meteorite 
Rare Ancient Greek Gold Crown Discovered Under A Bed. 
Team Testing New Scanner on Egypt's Great Pyramid
Ancient Mayan Observatory Was Used To Track Venus And Mars
Has The Gateway to Ancient Greek God's Compound Been Uncovered?
Archaeologists Find 22 Ancient Greek Shipwrecks
Archaeologists Reveal Probable Sites Of Two Missions That Predate The Alamo

Palace Found At Tintagel, Fabled Birthplace Of King Arthur 
Marble Statues of Aphrodite Unearthed At Petra
Did the Greeks Help Sculpt China's Terra Cotta Warriors?
Egyptian Mummy And Temple 4200 Years Old With Well-Preserved Art Revealed
 


 






 














The Art of Thinking


                                                                     



                                                                      
We face many decisions in daily life. But are we always thinking clearly enough to make the right ones? Billionaires shows you how to utilise your grey matter to ensure you do…
Few of us could deny that in the current digital age we have come to rely on computers more and more to do our thinking for us. With technology running our lives and advertising plastered everywhere we look, it is becoming increasingly difficult to make our own decisions. Unquestionably, we are under so many external influences these days it can be hard to judge when we are thinking for ourselves and when we are allowing external forces to do the thinking for us.

It’s been said that we humans use only use about 10 per cent of our brains. In the case of some people that paltry figure stretches to 15 per cent. But for our brains to become more and more dormant is very dangerous; being able to think for ourselves not only means we are no longer a product of someone else’s programming, it also boosts our self-esteem which has a positive effect on mood.

From the moment we are born we are expected to conform – to other people’s expectations of us and our cultural surroundings. We dress in similar ways depending on the current fashion trends, listen to the same music our friends listen to, buy gadgets and gizmos advertisers tell us we need. While this kind of behaviour gives us a sense of belonging and is an essential part of functioning within a society, it can also prove restrictive and limiting if we merely accept everything we are told and taught. In many areas of life, especially business, it is crucial to form more of our own opinions.

As Steve Jobs once famously said: “Your time is limited, don’t waste it living someone else’s life. Don’t be trapped by dogma which is living the result of other people’s thinking.”
Thinking for ourselves means that our judgements and opinions will not only be well evaluated, but that we won’t compromise the facts or our own beliefs merely for the sake of belonging. One example of this is when group thinking kicks into play.

Group thinking is a psychological phenomenon that sometimes occurs when a number of people get together and, instead of expressing their individual viewpoints, come to an irrational decision about something because they have a desire for harmony within the group. They reach a consensus decision without critical consideration of alternative viewpoints, by quashing dissenting viewpoints, and isolating themselves from outside influences. Cults are very extreme examples of this. And in the corporate world, ineffective group decision-making can have a very negative impact on the economic health of a company.

So how do we think for ourselves more? And does being an original thinker mean we have to disagree with others all the time or be argumentative and difficult? In fact no. Thinking for ourselves simply means that our opinions are well considered and based on our own thorough analysis.

It is about not compromising facts for the sake of general consensus and is about allowing a wider scope of choices in our lives. The more we think independently, the more we begin to trust ourselves, expand our minds, and become more mindful of media and advertising tricks. We also gain more respect from others for having the confidence to stand our ground, even if it means going against the norm.

Not sure where to get started? Here are some steps you can take to become more of a free thinker:

Educate Yourself
The more knowledge you have about a subject matter, the more you can weigh up the pros and cons then formulate a rational decision or argument. So read, watch or listen to whatever you need to first.

Know You
Having a strong sense of who you are and where your morals and boundaries lie ensures you can do what is best for you without others dictating how you should look, behave or what you should like. Do the things you enjoy doing and encounter the experiences you want to encounter.

Have Courage
This means standing up for what you believe in no matter the consequences. Nelson Mandela and Ghandi are fine examples of this. You don’t always have to follow the crowd like a sheep just to keep the peace or be accepted. If you have a brilliant business idea speak up about it – don’t be afraid of rejection. The best ideas all start somewhere.

Check In
Take the time to evaluate and judge things based upon what you see rather than what you’ve been led to believe based on your culture or others’ opinions. Sit down and think about what you really want, not what people expect of you

Don’t Be Rigid
Look at the outcomes to a situation from as many angles as you can and weigh up the pros and cons such as who may benefit or not benefit, what the potential consequences are and what the impact might be long term on a decision you make.
Thinking for ourselves isn’t an easy thing to master, and doesn’t just happen overnight. But follow Billionaires’ guidelines and you will be well on your way to becoming the real person you want to be in no time.


By Nilifur Atik

With many thanks to Billionaires Australia

Sadly there are many people who would prefer us not to think at all, or at least conform to their ideas. Edward Bernays excelled at this.

                                                                 
                                                                       


The Millennium Star Diamond


                                                                         




An old, but interesting piece. 

De Beers and the Steinmetz Group has unveiled the world's rarest and arguably the most valuable set of diamonds ever put together to mark the year 2000. Stressing that 'millennia come and go, but diamonds are forever,' the diamond giant's Chairman Nicky Oppenheimer presented the De Beers Millennium Star, a D-color, internally and externally flawless pear-shape, cut to perfect proportions, weighing a hefty 203.04 carats. It is the second largest faceted D-Flawless diamond in the world, the 273.15 carat Centenary Diamond is the first. 

The Millennium Star is the centerpiece of the company's Limited Edition Millennium Diamonds collection which further consists of 11 highly unusual blue diamonds cut into a variety of shapes, having a total weight of 118 carats. The diamonds were presented to the world with great theater during an impressive ceremony at the top floor of the CSO's Charterhouse Street complex in London: the Millennium Star was lovingly caressed by the latest James Bond girl, French actress Sophie Marceau, under the approving eyes of De Beers top executives and principals of the worldwide Steinmetz Group of Companies - the craftsmen that designed, planned, and manufactured these exceptional and unique stones. 

The team of cutters, who labored in polishing the collection for some three years around the clock, was headed by Israeli-born Nir Livnat, managing director of Johannesburg-based Ascot Diamonds, a member of the Steinmetz Group of Diamond Companies. The Steinmetz Group is known as 'the master' in the field of diamonds and is one the leading customers of De Beers. The Steinmetz Group has several sources of independent mines which supply the rough diamonds. Whenever a large sale, auction or event appears in the diamond business, you can be sure that the Stieinmetz Group is part of it. The Steinmetz Group supports Diamond.com as the Jeweler of the Millennium Diamonds. 

Though the general press coverage focused understandably on the Millennium Star and actress Sophie Marceau (who played in the James Bond movie aptly called "The World is Not Enough"), the trade is rightfully excited also about the eleven exceptionally rare blue diamonds, which orbit as sparkling blue satellites around the Millennium Star. Steinmetz explains that each one of these stones came from the famous Premier Mine in South Africa. But blue diamonds of this quality and size are extremely rare and to discover one on any year is an incredible accomplishment, let alone discovering the entire collection. In addition to the pear-shaped Millennium Star, the collection consists of 11 beautiful blue diamonds of different shapes and carat weights, ranging in size from 5.16 carats to a phenomenal 27.64 carat heart-shaped stone, the Heart of Eternity. 

Each of these 11 blue diamonds will be specially inscribed with a De Beers Millennium number, using De Beers' proprietary branding technique. Livnat explains that the Millennium Star will not be branded, as "it is externally flawless. There is not even a single scratch or burn mark on any of the facets. This is extremely exceptional - and a tribute to the cutters' expertise - and De Beers is therefore rightfully presenting the stone as externally flawless." Thus branding is out for the Millennium Star. 

It is expected that some 12-million people will visit the De Beers Millennium Jewels Exhibition at the new Millennium Dome in London. There they will remain on view in a specially designed exhibit for the entire year. It is worth it to pause a moment and reflect on the rarity of blue diamonds. Pre-20th century accounts of great blue diamonds reinforce the trade's historical links with India, the only known early source of diamonds. These accounts tell of diamonds such as Tavernier Blue (now known as the Hope Diamond; 45.52 carats) and the 30.82-carat Blue Heart, which today are valued for their history and mystique as much as for their rare color. These diamonds are famous because of their incredible rarity - only red diamonds are rarer - and the De Beers collection of blues is something that will never be seen again. 

In modern times, De Beers Premier mine in South Africa has become the only important source of blue diamonds, yet they make up much less than 0.1 percent of all diamonds recovered at this mine. Of all De Beers South African rough production, however, there is on average only one significant blue diamond mined per year. The best blue diamonds have a beauty that is not comparable to that of any other gem. These are greatly admired and eagerly sought after by collectors and connoisseurs. Of the ten highest per-carat prices paid for colored diamonds at auction, six have been blue diamonds. Some of these unique stones were sold for $550,000-$580,000 per carat. One 20 carat blue stone fetched well in excess of $10 million. "Fancy blue diamonds contain impurities of boron, which result in their blue color. Usually the blue of a diamond is strongly modified by gray or black. Few stones have intense, saturate color," explains Livnat, stressing that "the blue color is often not evenly spread throughout the stone and that, occasionally, parts of a blue stone may be totally white. To get a beautiful pure blue stone is truly a professional challenge." 

Natural blue diamonds are much weaker in saturation than the blue objects they are compared to. Blue colors are not overly abundant in nature, although they do occur in certain flowers, fruits, birds, and gemstones. Actual diamond blues, however, are more likely to mimic the blue colors of indigo, ink and steel. Whatever term is used to describe blue diamonds, it is their combination of color, brilliance and rarity that makes them so special. 

The rough diamond was found by an alluvial digger in the early nineties. It originated in what was then known as Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and was purchased there many years ago by a De Beers buyer on the open market. The stone has been held in deliberate anticipation of this moment, though its polishing took more than three years. Its beauty has now been released by the extraordinary skill of the expert craftsmen, and international team (South African, Israeli, Belgian & American). The cutters received the ultimate compliment when former De Beers Chairman, the late Harry Oppenheimer, undoubtedly the doyen of the diamond industry and who has probably handled more important diamonds in his 70-year career than any other person in the world, described the Millennium Star as "the most beautiful diamond I have ever seen." 

Originally, the rough stone was 777 carats, a magic number. Found in the Buyimai district, the discovery set off a gold-rush type of influx of diggers hoping to find a similar stone. But, as it was the only stone of this type found in the present millennium, statistically the odds are against finding another one within the next few hundred years or so. After studying and planning the cutting of the stone for about 4 to 5 months, it was decided to cut the rough in three pieces. The Millennium Star is the outcome of the largest piece. 

The cutters were very tightlipped about what happened to the other two pieces. In order to cut and polish the stone a special "operating theater" was built, not dissimilar to the conditions in a sterile hospital room. "No dust is allowed to touch the stone so the scaifes must be adjusted accordingly. It is vital to monitor the temperature of the stone during the cutting and polishing process. Actually, the temperature must be strictly controlled in order to avoid cracks or other damage, explains Nir Livnat, managing director of Johannesburg-based Ascot Diamonds, a member of the Steinmetz Group of Diamond Companies. Special tangs had to be designed to hold the stone, he added. 

The craftsmen weren't about to reveal their company's professional secrets and refrained from giving more details on the manufacturing process itself, except to note that "the infrastructure and skills required to polish such large stones is extremely complex and dramatically different from the usual polishing factory." It was learned, however, that some 100 plastic models of the original rough were made, and these were almost all used to plan and design the optimum polished stone, both in terms of beauty and weight. The stone's classic pear shape totals 54 facets. Often large stones contain more facets in order to optimize the use of rough; having fewer facets invariably necessitates losing weight, but this loss is offset by far greater brilliance. 

Nicky Oppenheimer was careful not to put a value on the Millennium Star, saying that any figure he would give would be purely academic. The London Evening Star was not as conservative as Mr. Oppenheimer and insured the Star for 100 million English pounds. 

This is believed to be a fraction of its true worth. Beny Steinmetz, Co-Chairman of the Steinmetz Diamond Group, echoed the cautious approach of Oppenheimer, but pointed out that the previous record price paid for any polished diamond was $16.5 million for a 100.10 carat D-Flawless stone, the Star of the Season, that was auctioned by Sotheby's in May, 1995, thus selling for about $165,000 per carat. According to market sources, that stone was also manufactured and sold by the Steinmetz group. 

To the two senior principals of the Steinmetz Group, brothers Beny and Danny Steinmetz, it is rather symbolic that they were chosen to cut the De Beers Limited Edition Millennium Diamond. It is exactly 50 years ago, almost to the day, that the Steinmetz Diamond Company was established by the late Ruben Steinmetz, father of the present principals. "Ruben Steinmetz was known for manufacturing high quality goods," recalls his son, and, without saying so, one could sense that the sons are truly moved by their ability to continue family tradition. 

Nobody will ever "accuse" the hard and successful businessmen, what the Steinmetzes are, of being sentimental. But in the presence of the Millennium stones times stands still and one must reflect on one's past, one's roots and on the future. Chairman Nicky Oppenheimer, who tends to be emotional about diamonds, summed it up by recalling that these incredible diamonds have been collected at the end of this millennium and presented to the world to celebrate the beginning of the next. 

Nature gives us so few blue diamonds that most people will not see one in their lifetime. "As we come together to celebrate the new Millennium, De Beers is giving the world a chance to see this unique collection - truly a once in a Millennium experience", reflects Oppenheimer. "To be able, therefore, to unveil a truly spectacular new diamond on the threshold of the new millennium is surely a uniquely opposite combination of two very rare events. To be able to unveil not only one diamond, but a collection of such rarity that most of us will not see its like again is, I think, the only adequate way to mark the passage of 2000 years of man's history," concludes Oppenheimer. 

Article by Chaim Even-Zohar of Diamond.com. 

Picture above:
"The Millennium Star was part of the Splendour of Diamonds Exhibition at the Smithsonian Museum in Washington DC over the summer of 2003. Other diamonds in the exhibition were the Allnatt, the Pumpkin, the Steinmetz Pink, the Ocean Dream, the Heart of Eternity and the Moussaieff Red. When I first saw this photo, I was struck by the the gray human eye reflecting inside the Millennium Star, underneath the table at a 2 o'clock angle from the culet, but no image like that would ever reflect inside a diamond in this manner. I don't know what that is."

                                                                     


With many thanks to Famous Diamonds
Thanks to Jared for sending it to me.

Some related posts:
The Most Expensive Coloured Diamonds in the World
 "Pink Star" Diamond sells for record $89m












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Zeugma: 2,000-Year-Old Mosaics Uncovered In Turkey


                                                                 



We usually write about new contemporary artists at Bored Panda, but these fascinating discoveries recently made by a team of archeologists in the Turkish city of Zeugma has given us the opportunity to witness the unveiling of Greek and Roman art that hasn’t been seen in thousands of years.


The site caught the attention of the international archaeological community when it was threatened by flooding due to the construction of a nearby dam in southern Turkey in 2000. 

When a team of archaeologists led by Professor Kutalmış Görkay of Ankara University began excavating, they found stunning and well-preserved glass mosaics rich with color.


Read on for more information about this fascinating find!


                                                                 


These stunning 2000-year-old mosaics were uncovered by archaeologists in the Turkish city of Zeugma.


Rich mosaics like these decorated people’s homes with characters from ancient Greek mythology.


“They were a product of the patron’s imagination. It wasn’t like simply choosing from a catalog,” Professor Kutalmış Görkay told Archaeology.org.


“They thought of specific scenes in order to make a specific impression. For example, if you were of the intellectual level to discuss literature, then you might select a scene like the three muses”.


The archaeological community was inspired to excavate when they heard that the city was being flooded by a nearby dam.


[....]
                                                              



Above: Oceanus and Tethys

The Greeks named the city “Seleucia” when they founded it in the 3rd century BC.


The Roman empire conquered the city in 64 BC, renaming it to Zeugma (meaning “bridge” or “crossing” in ancient Greek).


The Romans held the city until 253 AD, when Persian Sassanids took the city.

Below: The Muse Thalia and Poseidon

                                                                       

                                                                     

With many thanks to Bored Panda
 
Related:

The Antikythera Mechanism - The World's Oldest Known Computer
Archaeologists Digging Up Cecile B DeMille's Movie Treasures





World’s Oldest Rock Art Found In Indonesia - Updated
China's Lost Civilization: The Mystery Of Sanxingdui
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Ancient Tomb in Amphipolis Revealed
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Easter Island: Scientists Are Closer To Understanding What Wiped Out Its Society
Largest Trove of Gold Coins Ever Discovered In Israel By Divers 
Relief of Queen Nefertiti
Gold Treasures Discovered in Ming Dynasty Tomb 
Unique Mosaic Images Uncovered in Fifth-Century Synagogue
Philip of Macedonia, Greece’s Ancient King, Found
Queen Nefertiti: Was She Hidden In King Tutankhamun’s Tomb? 
England’s Lost Colonists ‘Went Native’ In America
The Cave of Altamira and Paleolithic Cave Art of Northern Spain
The Antikythera Mechanism: Second Expedition Seeks More Mechanism Remains 
Scientists Find ‘Superhenge’ That Could Be Five Times The Area Of Stonehenge
Rome Reborn – An Amazing Digital Model of Ancient Rome
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King Tut’s Egyptian Tomb May Hide Queen Nefertiti 
Ippolito Rosellini: The Monuments of Egypt And Nubia
The Holigost: 600 Year Old Pride of Henry V’s Fleet May Have Been Found
Gem-Filled Warrior's Tomb Discovered in Ancient Greek City
Acra: Ancient Citadel Unearthed In Jerusalem 
Is Queen Nefertiti Buried In King Tutankhaman’s Tomb? - Latest News
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Some Useful And Clever Ways To Use Your Phone Camera


                                                                    



I have been using some of these myself for a long time now- very handy! 


From You Tube:
Cell Camera Phones - Not Just For Selfies!
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Film footage courtesy of Shutterstock, Inc., used with permission.