Has The Gateway to Ancient Greek God's Compound Been Uncovered?

                                                                   

Archaeologists in northern Israel may have unearthed a sanctuary of the Greek god Pan in the ancient city of Hippos.

Excavations by the Zinman Institute of Archaeology at the University of Haifa have uncovered a monumental Roman gate, which may have led to a compound dedicated to the worship of Pan, the god of flocks and shepherds, who is depicted as half man and half goat in Greek mythology.

The new archaeological find may help researchers better understand previous discoveries in the ancient city. Last year, the archaeologists discovered a bronze mask of Pan, which is unusually large compared to other such bronze masks of the Greek God that date from the same period. The researchers had said that efforts to date the item or explain the function of the mask would be difficult. [The 7 Most Mysterious Archaeological Finds on Earth]

With the recent discovery of the gate, Michael Eisenberg, head of the expedition, said that the researchers now have a starting point that will help them look for answers.

"Now that the whole gate has been exposed, we not only have better information for dating the mask, but also a clue to its function," Eisenberg said in a statement. "Are we looking at a gate that led to the sanctuary of the god Pan or one of the rustic gods?"

The mask was found in the remains of a large stone building, and the archaeologists hoped that uncovering the rest of the building would offer context about the mask's origins.

Based on what they found in the excavation, the researchers estimate that the original gateway was about 20 feet (6 meters) tall, and that the entire building was likely even taller. They’ve also dated the building to the time of the Roman emperor Hadrian, who reigned from A.D. 117 to A.D. 138.

Eisenberg hypothesized that the site, which was found outside of the city limits, was possibly a compound for the god Pan, and that it had been built just in front of the entrance to Hippos.

"The mask, and now the gate in which it was embedded, are continuing to fire our imaginations," Eisenberg said. "The worship of Pan sometimes included ceremonies involving drinking, sacrifices and ecstatic rituals, including nudity and sex. This worship usually took place outside the city walls, in caves and other natural settings."

Hippos, also called Sussita, overlooks the Sea of Galilee and was established in the third century B.C. and destroyed by an earthquake in the year A.D. 749. Hippos is also of historic significance in Christianity, because it once formed what is known as the "Decapolis" — an area along the Jordan River described in the New Testament that, together with other ancient cities along the Jordan River, was the land in which Jesus performed miracles.

As more discoveries are made in future excavations, the researchers said that newly unearthed material will continue to shed light on the ancient city's history.

"What kind of worship of Pan or his fellow Dionysus, the god of wine, took place here in Hippos?" Eisenberg said. "To answer that question, we will have to keep on digging."

By Kacey Deamer

With many thanks to Live Science 



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Why David Bowie's "Labyrinth" Is So Memorable

                                                                    

Another great talent lost.

                                                                 

Jim Henson’s beloved 1986 movie musical Labyrinth, one of only two non-Muppets films the legendary puppeteer directed, is famous for several reasons.

Fans of David Bowie will recall visions of the late musician wearing extremely tight trousers that fail to obscure an enormously large codpiece. Bowie wrote and performed all the songs, including the iconic Dance Magic Dance. He plays a nefarious, all-singing, all-dancing king of a fantasy world of goblins, castles and all manner of strange colourful creatures.

One of Labyrinth’s best-known scenes is a sensational finale that takes place on a set modelled on Escher staircases. It is also the production that brought a then-unknown, then-15-year-old Jennifer Connelly to the public’s attention.

But undoubtedly the most memorable parts of the film, which celebrates its 30th anniversary this year with a return to cinemas and a new Blu-ray edition, are the many extraordinary creatures designed and operated by Henson and his team.

Like 1982’s The Dark Crystal, the other non-Muppets movie directed by Henson (who co-directed it with Frank Oz) the technology used was at the forefront of animatronics. The film-makers pushed the capabilities of radio-controlled puppetry, in a decade that was arguably the greatest period in history for cinema puppets.

Although computer-generated images have been used in film since the 1970s, it wasn’t until the ‘90s – following the success of game-changing releases such as Terminator 2: Judgement Day and Jurassic Park – that Hollywood truly embraced CGI. With the inundation of computer effects came a growing reduction in “real” on-set physical elements, such as puppets. 

The babe with the power
The wonderful handmade aesthetic of Labyrinth is the main reason the film has dated so well. Three decades later it still looks breathtaking; one of those viewing experiences that regularly provokes the question “how did they do that?”

The plot revolves around Sarah (Connelly), who is upset that she is being forced to stay home and babysit her baby brother. When she wishes goblins will come and take him away her wish is granted, the Goblin King (Bowie) snatches the baby, holding him captive in his castle. He gives Sarah 13 hours to solve the labyrinth before her sibling is turned into a goblin.

                                                                  

One of the first creatures she encounters in the Goblin King's fantastical world is a dwarf named Hoggle: a morally dubious, Sméagol-esque character whose motives and allegiances are unclear. With a huge lumpy nose, spurts of shoulder-length white hair and a crinkled, finely detailed face, Hoggle is an amazing puppet, at once both magical and realistic.

His seemingly effortless facial and body movements required the collaboration of six people working in real time. The character’s large face contained 18 motors, which were manipulated off-frame by four crew members using remote controls. Diminutive actor Shari Weiser controlled Hoggle's body and Brian Henson, Jim’s son, provided his voice.

Henson’s fixation on tangible things – things you could literally reach out and touch – extended further than just the puppets. One time when Sarah, in a down-the-rabbit-hole moment, takes a tumble she falls into the so-called Shaft of Hands, an eerily surreal tunnel that looks like something out of a Guillermo del Toro film.

The shaft is comprised of real human hands, which come out of the walls to form the shape of human faces. To achieve this the crew wore green foam latex gloves, hid behind scaffolding and performed extensively rehearsed hand movements. The effect is startling. Writer Dennis Lee once described it as “one of those magic moments”, where the quality of the effect actually improved on the vision in his imagination.

The creatures in Labyrinth vary substantially in size, from a small cheeky worm (replete with miniature red scarf and tufts of blue hair) to a huge, hairy, horn-clad gentle giant the size of several people. This is Ludo, Sarah's sidekick of sorts, who also attended the film’s premiere and met a very confused looking Princess Diana.

The largest puppet in the film was 15ft (4.57m) high, the biggest Henson had ever built. Appropriately named Humongous, this hydraulics-operated creature is a robot that guards the entrance to the Goblin City. It looks shiny and hard, as if it were constructed using sheets of metal. It was actually built out of foam and made to look reflective.

Creature comforts
The innovators who worked on these effects belonged to visual effects company Jim Henson’s Creature Shop, which was founded in 1979. Even though Hollywood moved enthusiastically into the space of digital trickery, and thus the construction of elaborate puppets became scarcer, the workshop has continued to have a significant presence in the film and TV industry.

In the mid ‘90s it built animatronic animals for the Australian family film Babe, earning the company an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects. It provided prosthetics for another Oscar-winning film, 1996’s The English Patient, as well as a litany of masks, objects and character elements for countless productions over the years.

The Creature Shop’s output now largely involves bringing small touches to specific scenes. In recent years this includes supplying animatronic tigers for The Darjeeling Limited (2007) and The Hangover (2009), and stand-in puppets for the new The Jungle Book adaption. These puppets were used so the lead actor, Neel Sethi, had actual characters to engage with on-set, and were edited out in post-production. 

The company has also developed technology for digital environments, but, in typical Henson fashion, with a hands-on twist. An offshoot of the company, the Henson Digital Puppetry Studio, creates 3D-animated characters controlled by hand using dozens of buttons and levers.

These characters can be operated in real time, including both body and facial movements, allowing a spontaneity that cannot be achieved using traditional (known as ‘keyframe’) computer animation. The technology is used most commonly in children’s television programs, where budgets are lower and the turnaround time is faster.

For the production of director Spike Jonze’s 2009 adaptation of children’s book Where the Wild Things Are, the Creature Shop was given a rare opportunity to create the kind of handmade visual effects not unlike those they produced in the ‘80s. The huge, furry, poignant-looking faces of the gentle giants in this film, about a child who visits a fantasy world that exists in his imagination, bear some resemblance to that big lovable lug Ludo.
He, along with Hoggle, Humongous and David Bowie's codpiece, will return to cinemas this year, when the 30th anniversary screenings of Labyrinth commence. But in a sense they never left. While the film was a commercial disappointment when it was first released, it has for decades remained a popular title on the bill at repertory cinemas around the world.

By Luke Buckmaster

With many thanks to BBC Culture

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Hubble Spots Dramatic Auroras On Jupiter

                                                                       

                                                             

The Hubble Space Telescope has captured images of glowing auroras over Jupiter just days before NASA's new Juno spaceship arrives to orbit the gas giant.

"These auroras are very dramatic and among the most active I have ever seen," said Jonathan Nichols from the University of Leicester, UK, and principal investigator of the study. 

 

"It almost seems as if Jupiter is throwing a fireworks party for the imminent arrival of Juno," Nichols said in press release.

 

The new Hubble images show bluish lights that appear to dance over Jupiter's poles. NASA says the observations of the auroras were supported by measurements made by Juno, which starts orbiting Jupiter on Monday, July 4.

 

The auroras were photographed by Hubble during a series of observations of Jupiter made in far ultraviolet-light. The full-color disk of Jupiter used in the image was photographed separately by Hubble at an earlier time.

 

Unlike auroras on Earth, NASA says the ones on Jupiter never cease. They are huge and "hundreds of times more energetic than auroras on Earth," the agency said.

 

The new observations and measurements from Hubble and Juno will help scientists understand how the sun and other sources influence auroras on Jupiter. Hubble will continue to monitor Jupiter's auroras for the duration of the Juno mission.

 

Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. The planet is a giant ball of gas 11 times wider than Earth and 300 times more massive than our home world. It's easy to see in the night sky -- appearing as a bright, unblinking star. 

 

It's best known for its Great Red Spot and colorful storm bands. If you have a telescope, you can see four of Jupiter's largest moons.

 

By Amanda Barnett

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